Freedom should not be understood to mean leadership positions or even appointments to top positions. It must be understood as the transformation of the lives ordinary people in the hostels and the ghettos; in the squatter camps; on the farms and in the mine compounds.
It means constant consultation between leaders and members of their organisations; it demands of us to be in constant touch with the people, to understand their needs, hopes and fears; and to work together with them to improve their conditions. – Nelson Mandela
This is the question at the centre of the African story, at least when it comes to policy, yet we do not seem to have that discussion, leaving it open to be defined by those in power rather than those whose lives its supposed to change. In academia the question as to what development is much debated but it has failed to leave the confines of the ivory tower and development aid industry. Today development is too much like beauty, it’s in the eye of the beholder, every time the government builds a footbridge or a railway it claims development, economists and business leaders look at economic growth figures and call that development, the UN looks at the Human Development Index and Sustainable Development Goals and calls that development. What about the people, those for whom this development is being done, it seems to me that if the vision of development being pursued was one that came from the people, then governments and international development agencies may have more success pursuing it. A policy shift to people centred development, that actually takes what people want and need into account would in my view make the whole notion of development much more relevant and impactful.
Roads, railways and power.
Most of the continent is busily pursuing the infrastructure gap, which can be summarised as the need for infrastructure (roads, railways, power, water and sewage systems, housing etc.). In Africa the African Development Bank has estimated that Africa needs 95 billion US dollars a year to close its own infrastructure gap[1]. Governments have latched onto this and across the continent there is a massive building program being pursued. Physical infrastructure is perfect politically, its tangible and can (if done properly) make an impact on people’s lives, without the complicated political, administrative and moral issues that come with improving education or fighting corruption. Business and banks love it because they can make significant profits funding roads, railways and power stations while saying they are contributing to ‘development’. Infrastructure is important, there is no doubt about it, a road connecting a rural community to an urban market can radically increase opportunities, electricity has and can change the lives of the poor the world over, but is it development? I don’t think so, I see infrastructure as an enabler, a building block towards development, but not development itself.
GDP growth and jobs
You cannot have a conversation about development without someone bringing up GDP growth numbers. Despite academic attempts to dethrone economic growth as the primary indicator of development it is the standard statistic that people cite. But what does GDP growth actually tell us? GDP is the value of all the goods and services produced in an economy in any given period (usually quarterly or annually). So, when it grows, it means that the country is producing more things and as a whole earning more. However, it doesn’t tell you important details such as who is earning more – are the rich getting richer or is the additional income being spread to the middle and lower income groups. It doesn’t measure standard of living, or the quality of social goods such as healthcare and education. It is just an aggregate, a useful one but without context and additional data it doesn’t tell you whether peoples lives are actually improving. When people point at GDP growth and call it development, take it with a pinch of salt.
Ask the people?
What is missing from the development debate for me is the people, most of whom are still stuck without meaningful employment or prospects of progress, far too many living in poverty. What does development mean to them. I think at its core, development would be the ability to live a life with dignity. A life where our children have a decent education that gives them a chance at a future where families can rely on the health care system and have adequate housing. A job to support you and your families. A police force and courts that are fair and protect society and a government that respects our rights. Thus, to me development is about growing the economy in such a way that provides jobs and income for the majority, building the infrastructure that enables this, investing in social services that improves quality of life and the rule of law and respect for human rights. Development isn’t just about jobs, or growth, or new roads and power stations, to me it’s about uplifting the lives of Africans, and our development policy, whether economic, education, infrastructure or law and order has to have that as its goal. But that’s just me, ideally, we should start by asking the people. Governments around the continent would benefit from broad consultation process to see what their citizens consider development and make their policy on that basis.
follow @afriwonk on twitter to get the latest post every week
[1]https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Africa%20Econo%20brief%202_Africa%20Econo%20brief%202%20(2).pdf